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New intraoperative instrumentation, such as vitrectomy probes, illumination techniques, and wide-angle viewing systems, has increased the safety, the effectiveness, and the repeatability of the surgical maneuvers. Vitreoretinal surgery has been an object of great innovation during the last years.

In addition, significant advantages for the postoperative application of OCT and OCTA include noninvasiveness, rapid and simple execution, repeatability, and precise measurements. Clinicians should be aware of the most common tomographic findings to properly manage each condition. OCTA has globally demonstrated that eyes after MH closure show a reduction in macular and paramacular VD and smaller FAZ areas, compared with control or fellow eyes. Persistent defects in the ellipsoid zone or in the external limiting membrane correlate with worse postoperative visual outcome. In the postoperative period, the outermost retinal layers get progressively restored. There is general consent that retinal thinning involving primarily the retinal nerve fiber layer and the ganglion cell layer takes place after surgery. Different clinical findings can be observed on OCT of patients who underwent MH repair surgery. Finally, report on vessel density (VD) changes and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area modifications have been included. Tomographic signs analyzed were divided according to the involved portion of the retina in “inner retinal layers” and “external retinal layers.” Despite predominantly involving the inner retinal layers, cystoid macular edema (CME) has been treated as a separate entity. A PubMed engine search was carried out using the terms “Macular Hole,” “Optical Coherence Tomography,” and “Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.” All reports published in English up to October 2018, irrespective of their publication status, were included.

To summarize the spectrum of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) features after full-thickness macular hole (MH) repair surgery.